| bench | | |
| n. (artifact) | 1. bench | a long seat for more than one person. |
| ~ banquette | an upholstered bench. |
| ~ flat bench | a bench on which a weightlifter lies to do exercises. |
| ~ park bench | a bench in a public park. |
| ~ penalty box | (ice hockey) an enclosed bench to the side of an ice-hockey rink for players who are serving time penalties. |
| ~ church bench, pew | long bench with backs; used in church by the congregation. |
| ~ prie-dieu | low bench for kneeling on. |
| ~ seat | furniture that is designed for sitting on.; "there were not enough seats for all the guests" |
| ~ settee, settle | a long wooden bench with a back. |
| ~ window seat | a bench or similar seat built into a window recess. |
| n. (object) | 2. bench, terrace | a level shelf of land interrupting a declivity (with steep slopes above and below). |
| ~ plateau, tableland | a relatively flat highland. |
| n. (group) | 3. bench, judiciary | persons who administer justice. |
| ~ authorities, government, regime | the organization that is the governing authority of a political unit.; "the government reduced taxes"; "the matter was referred to higher authorities" |
| ~ governance, governing body, organisation, administration, brass, establishment, organization | the persons (or committees or departments etc.) who make up a body for the purpose of administering something.; "he claims that the present administration is corrupt"; "the governance of an association is responsible to its members"; "he quickly became recognized as a member of the establishment" |
| n. (artifact) | 4. bench, work bench, workbench | a strong worktable for a carpenter or mechanic. |
| ~ lab bench, laboratory bench | a workbench in a laboratory. |
| ~ work table, worktable | a table designed for a particular task. |
| n. (group) | 5. bench | the magistrate or judge or judges sitting in court in judicial capacity to compose the court collectively. |
| ~ assembly | a group of persons who are gathered together for a common purpose. |
| ~ court, judicature, tribunal | an assembly (including one or more judges) to conduct judicial business. |
| n. (group) | 6. bench | the reserve players on a team.; "our team has a strong bench" |
| ~ subgroup | a distinct and often subordinate group within a group. |
| ~ team, squad | a cooperative unit (especially in sports). |
| ~ second-stringer, substitute, reserve | an athlete who plays only when a starter on the team is replaced. |
| n. (artifact) | 7. bench | (law) the seat for judges in a courtroom. |
| ~ courtroom, court | a room in which a lawcourt sits.; "television cameras were admitted in the courtroom" |
| ~ seat | furniture that is designed for sitting on.; "there were not enough seats for all the guests" |
| ~ law, jurisprudence | the collection of rules imposed by authority.; "civilization presupposes respect for the law"; "the great problem for jurisprudence to allow freedom while enforcing order" |
| v. (social) | 8. bench | take out of a game; of players. |
| ~ remove | remove from a position or an office. |
| v. (perception) | 9. bench | exhibit on a bench.; "bench the poodles at the dog show" |
| ~ display, exhibit, expose | to show, make visible or apparent.; "The Metropolitan Museum is exhibiting Goya's works this month"; "Why don't you show your nice legs and wear shorter skirts?"; "National leaders will have to display the highest skills of statesmanship" |
| jury | | |
| n. (group) | 1. jury | a body of citizens sworn to give a true verdict according to the evidence presented in a court of law. |
| ~ body | a group of persons associated by some common tie or occupation and regarded as an entity.; "the whole body filed out of the auditorium"; "the student body"; "administrative body" |
| ~ court, judicature, tribunal | an assembly (including one or more judges) to conduct judicial business. |
| ~ grand jury | a jury to inquire into accusations of crime and to evaluate the grounds for indictments. |
| ~ hung jury | a jury that is unable to agree on a verdict (the result is a mistrial). |
| ~ petit jury, petty jury | a jury of 12 to determine the facts and decide the issue in civil or criminal proceedings. |
| ~ blue ribbon jury, special jury | a jury whose members are selected for special knowledge for a case involving complicated issues. |
| ~ juror, juryman, jurywoman | someone who serves (or waits to be called to serve) on a jury. |
| n. (group) | 2. jury, panel | a committee appointed to judge a competition. |
| ~ commission, committee | a special group delegated to consider some matter.; "a committee is a group that keeps minutes and loses hours" |
| court | | |
| n. (group) | 1. court, judicature, tribunal | an assembly (including one or more judges) to conduct judicial business. |
| ~ court of justice, court of law, lawcourt, court | a tribunal that is presided over by a magistrate or by one or more judges who administer justice according to the laws. |
| ~ assembly | a group of persons who are gathered together for a common purpose. |
| ~ international court of justice, world court | a court established to settle disputes between members of the United Nations. |
| ~ bench | the magistrate or judge or judges sitting in court in judicial capacity to compose the court collectively. |
| ~ appeals court, appellate court, court of appeals | a court whose jurisdiction is to review decisions of lower courts or agencies. |
| ~ assizes, court of assize, court of assize and nisi prius | the county courts of England (replaced in 1971 by Crown courts). |
| ~ chancery, court of chancery | a court with jurisdiction in equity. |
| ~ consistory | a church tribunal or governing body. |
| ~ criminal court | a court having jurisdiction over criminal cases. |
| ~ divorce court | a court having jurisdiction over the termination of marriage contracts. |
| ~ court of domestic relations, domestic relations court, family court | a court in some states in the United States that has jurisdiction over family disputes (especially those involving children). |
| ~ federal court | a court establish by the authority of a federal government. |
| ~ f.i.s.c., foreign intelligence surveillance court | a secret federal court created in 1978 by the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act; responsible for authorizing wiretaps and other forms of electronic surveillance and for authorizing searches of suspected spies and terrorists by the Department of Justice or United States intelligence agencies. |
| ~ inferior court, lower court | any court whose decisions can be appealed to a higher court. |
| ~ inquisition | a former tribunal of the Roman Catholic Church (1232-1820) created to discover and suppress heresy. |
| ~ juvenile court | a court having jurisdiction over dependent and delinquent children. |
| ~ kangaroo court | an irregular unauthorized court. |
| ~ military court | a judicial court of commissioned officers for the discipline and punishment of military personnel. |
| ~ moot court | a mock court where law students argue hypothetical cases. |
| ~ police court | a court that has power to prosecute for minor offenses and to bind over for trial in a superior court anyone accused of serious offenses. |
| ~ probate court | a court having jurisdiction over the probate of wills and the administration of estates. |
| ~ quarter sessions | a local court with criminal jurisdiction and sometimes administrative functions. |
| ~ rota | (Roman Catholic Church) the supreme ecclesiastical tribunal for cases appealed to the Holy See from diocesan courts. |
| ~ star chamber | a former English court that became notorious for its arbitrary methods and severe punishments. |
| ~ superior court | any court that has jurisdiction above an inferior court. |
| ~ high court, state supreme court, supreme court | the highest court in most states of the United States. |
| ~ traffic court | a court that has power to prosecute for traffic offenses. |
| ~ trial court | the first court before which the facts of a case are decided. |
| ~ jury | a body of citizens sworn to give a true verdict according to the evidence presented in a court of law. |
| n. (artifact) | 2. court, courtroom | a room in which a lawcourt sits.; "television cameras were admitted in the courtroom" |
| ~ bar | (law) a railing that encloses the part of the courtroom where the judges and lawyers sit and the case is tried.; "spectators were not allowed past the bar" |
| ~ bench | (law) the seat for judges in a courtroom. |
| ~ courthouse | a building that houses judicial courts. |
| ~ jury box | an enclosure within a courtroom for the jury. |
| ~ room | an area within a building enclosed by walls and floor and ceiling.; "the rooms were very small but they had a nice view" |
| ~ witness box, witness stand | a box enclosure for a witness when testifying. |
| ~ law, jurisprudence | the collection of rules imposed by authority.; "civilization presupposes respect for the law"; "the great problem for jurisprudence to allow freedom while enforcing order" |
| n. (group) | 3. court, royal court | the sovereign and his advisers who are the governing power of a state. |
| ~ authorities, government, regime | the organization that is the governing authority of a political unit.; "the government reduced taxes"; "the matter was referred to higher authorities" |
| ~ court of saint james's | the British royal court. |
| ~ porte, sublime porte | the Ottoman court in Constantinople. |
| n. (artifact) | 4. court | a specially marked horizontal area within which a game is played.; "players had to reserve a court in advance" |
| ~ badminton court | the court on which badminton is played. |
| ~ basketball court | the court on which basketball is played. |
| ~ handball court | the court on which handball is played. |
| ~ piste | a flat rectangular area for fencing bouts. |
| ~ squash court | the indoor court in which squash is played. |
| ~ tennis court | the court on which tennis is played. |
| ~ volleyball court | the court on which volleyball is played. |
| ~ athletic field, playing area, playing field, field | a piece of land prepared for playing a game.; "the home crowd cheered when Princeton took the field" |
| n. (person) | 5. court, margaret court | Australian woman tennis player who won many major championships (born in 1947). |
| ~ tennis player | an athlete who plays tennis. |
| n. (group) | 6. court, royal court | the family and retinue of a sovereign or prince. |
| ~ entourage, retinue, cortege, suite | the group following and attending to some important person. |
| n. (artifact) | 7. court, motor hotel, motor inn, motor lodge, tourist court | a hotel for motorists; provides direct access from rooms to parking area. |
| ~ hotel | a building where travelers can pay for lodging and meals and other services. |
| ~ motel | a motor hotel. |
| n. (artifact) | 8. court, court of justice, court of law, lawcourt | a tribunal that is presided over by a magistrate or by one or more judges who administer justice according to the laws. |
| ~ court, judicature, tribunal | an assembly (including one or more judges) to conduct judicial business. |
| n. (artifact) | 9. court | the residence of a sovereign or nobleman.; "the king will visit the duke's court" |
| ~ residence | the official house or establishment of an important person (as a sovereign or president).; "he refused to live in the governor's residence" |
| n. (artifact) | 10. court, courtyard | an area wholly or partly surrounded by walls or buildings.; "the house was built around an inner court" |
| ~ area | a part of a structure having some specific characteristic or function.; "the spacious cooking area provided plenty of room for servants" |
| ~ atrium | the central area in a building; open to the sky. |
| ~ bailey | the outer courtyard of a castle. |
| ~ building, edifice | a structure that has a roof and walls and stands more or less permanently in one place.; "there was a three-story building on the corner"; "it was an imposing edifice" |
| ~ cloister | a courtyard with covered walks (as in religious institutions). |
| ~ food court | an area (as in a shopping mall) where fast food is sold (usually around a common eating area). |
| ~ forecourt | the outer or front court of a building or of a group of buildings. |
| ~ parvis | a courtyard or portico in front of a building (especially a cathedral). |
| n. (act) | 11. court, homage | respectful deference.; "pay court to the emperor" |
| ~ deference, respect | a courteous expression (by word or deed) of esteem or regard.; "his deference to her wishes was very flattering"; "be sure to give my respects to the dean" |
| v. (social) | 12. court, romance, solicit, woo | make amorous advances towards.; "John is courting Mary" |
| ~ act, move | perform an action, or work out or perform (an action).; "think before you act"; "We must move quickly"; "The governor should act on the new energy bill"; "The nanny acted quickly by grabbing the toddler and covering him with a wet towel" |
| ~ chase after, chase | pursue someone sexually or romantically. |
| ~ display | attract attention by displaying some body part or posing; of animals. |
| v. (social) | 13. court, woo | seek someone's favor.; "China is wooing Russia" |
| v. (social) | 14. court | engage in social activities leading to marriage.; "We were courting for over ten years" |
| ~ act, move | perform an action, or work out or perform (an action).; "think before you act"; "We must move quickly"; "The governor should act on the new energy bill"; "The nanny acted quickly by grabbing the toddler and covering him with a wet towel" |
| verdict | | |
| n. (act) | 1. finding of fact, verdict | (law) the findings of a jury on issues of fact submitted to it for decision; can be used in formulating a judgment. |
| ~ finding | the decision of a court on issues of fact or law. |
| ~ compromise verdict | a verdict resulting from improper compromises between jurors on material issues. |
| ~ directed verdict | a verdict entered by the court in a jury trial without consideration by the jury.; "there cannot be a directed verdict of guilty in a criminal trial" |
| ~ false verdict | a manifestly unjust verdict; not true to the evidence. |
| ~ general verdict | an ordinary verdict declaring which party prevails without any special findings of fact. |
| ~ partial verdict | (criminal law) a finding that the defendant is guilty of some charges but innocent of others. |
| ~ special verdict | a verdict rendered on certain specific factual issues posed by the court without finding for one party or the other. |
| ~ law, jurisprudence | the collection of rules imposed by authority.; "civilization presupposes respect for the law"; "the great problem for jurisprudence to allow freedom while enforcing order" |
| judge | | |
| n. (person) | 1. judge, jurist, justice | a public official authorized to decide questions brought before a court of justice. |
| ~ adjudicator | a person who studies and settles conflicts and disputes. |
| ~ alcalde | a mayor or chief magistrate of a Spanish town. |
| ~ chief justice | the judge who presides over a supreme court. |
| ~ daniel | a wise and upright judge.; "a Daniel come to judgment" |
| ~ doge | formerly the chief magistrate in the republics of Venice and Genoa. |
| ~ justiciar, justiciary | formerly a high judicial officer. |
| ~ magistrate | a lay judge or civil authority who administers the law (especially one who conducts a court dealing with minor offenses). |
| ~ functionary, official | a worker who holds or is invested with an office. |
| ~ ordinary | a judge of a probate court. |
| ~ praetor, pretor | an annually elected magistrate of the ancient Roman Republic. |
| ~ qadi | an Islamic judge. |
| ~ recorder | a barrister or solicitor who serves as part-time judge in towns or boroughs. |
| ~ trial judge | a judge in a trial court. |
| ~ trier | one (as a judge) who examines and settles a case. |
| ~ samson | (Old Testament) a judge of Israel who performed herculean feats of strength against the Philistines until he was betrayed to them by his mistress Delilah. |
| n. (person) | 2. evaluator, judge | an authority who is able to estimate worth or quality. |
| ~ appraiser, valuator | one who estimates officially the worth or value or quality of things. |
| ~ arbitrator, arbiter, umpire | someone chosen to judge and decide a disputed issue.; "the critic was considered to be an arbiter of modern literature"; "the arbitrator's authority derived from the consent of the disputants"; "an umpire was appointed to settle the tax case" |
| ~ authority | an expert whose views are taken as definitive.; "he is an authority on corporate law" |
| ~ critic | anyone who expresses a reasoned judgment of something. |
| v. (cognition) | 3. judge | determine the result of (a competition). |
| ~ resolve, adjudicate, decide, settle | bring to an end; settle conclusively.; "The case was decided"; "The judge decided the case in favor of the plaintiff"; "The father adjudicated when the sons were quarreling over their inheritance" |
| ~ referee, umpire | be a referee or umpire in a sports competition. |
| v. (cognition) | 4. evaluate, judge, pass judgment | form a critical opinion of.; "I cannot judge some works of modern art"; "How do you evaluate this grant proposal?"; "We shouldn't pass judgment on other people" |
| ~ cerebrate, cogitate, think | use or exercise the mind or one's power of reason in order to make inferences, decisions, or arrive at a solution or judgments.; "I've been thinking all day and getting nowhere" |
| ~ grade, rate, rank, place, range, order | assign a rank or rating to.; "how would you rank these students?"; "The restaurant is rated highly in the food guide" |
| ~ stand | have or maintain a position or stand on an issue.; "Where do you stand on the War?" |
| ~ approve | judge to be right or commendable; think well of. |
| ~ disapprove | consider bad or wrong. |
| ~ choose | see fit or proper to act in a certain way; decide to act in a certain way.; "She chose not to attend classes and now she failed the exam" |
| ~ prejudge | judge beforehand, especially without sufficient evidence. |
| ~ appraise, assess, evaluate, valuate, measure, value | evaluate or estimate the nature, quality, ability, extent, or significance of.; "I will have the family jewels appraised by a professional"; "access all the factors when taking a risk" |
| ~ reappraise | appraise anew.; "Homes in our town are reappraised every five years and taxes are increased accordingly" |
| ~ reject | refuse to accept or acknowledge.; "I reject the idea of starting a war"; "The journal rejected the student's paper" |
| ~ accept | consider or hold as true.; "I cannot accept the dogma of this church"; "accept an argument" |
| ~ think, believe, conceive, consider | judge or regard; look upon; judge.; "I think he is very smart"; "I believe her to be very smart"; "I think that he is her boyfriend"; "The racist conceives such people to be inferior" |
| ~ count on, figure, calculate, estimate, forecast, reckon | judge to be probable. |
| ~ anticipate, expect | regard something as probable or likely.; "The meteorologists are expecting rain for tomorrow" |
| ~ ascribe, attribute, impute, assign | attribute or credit to.; "We attributed this quotation to Shakespeare"; "People impute great cleverness to cats" |
| ~ attribute, assign | decide as to where something belongs in a scheme.; "The biologist assigned the mushroom to the proper class" |
| ~ disapprove, reject | deem wrong or inappropriate.; "I disapprove of her child rearing methods" |
| ~ adjudge, declare, hold | declare to be.; "She was declared incompetent"; "judge held that the defendant was innocent" |
| ~ critique, review | appraise critically.; "She reviews books for the New York Times"; "Please critique this performance" |
| ~ fail | judge unacceptable.; "The teacher failed six students" |
| ~ pass | accept or judge as acceptable.; "The teacher passed the student although he was weak" |
| ~ test, try out, essay, try, examine, prove | put to the test, as for its quality, or give experimental use to.; "This approach has been tried with good results"; "Test this recipe" |
| v. (cognition) | 5. approximate, estimate, gauge, guess, judge | judge tentatively or form an estimate of (quantities or time).; "I estimate this chicken to weigh three pounds" |
| ~ calculate, compute, cipher, cypher, figure, reckon, work out | make a mathematical calculation or computation. |
| ~ quantise, quantize | approximate (a signal varying continuously in amplitude) by one whose amplitude is restricted to a prescribed set of discrete values. |
| ~ misgauge | gauge something incorrectly or improperly. |
| ~ put, place, set | estimate.; "We put the time of arrival at 8 P.M." |
| ~ give | estimate the duration or outcome of something.; "He gave the patient three months to live"; "I gave him a very good chance at success" |
| ~ lowball, underestimate | make a deliberately low estimate.; "The construction company wanted the contract badly and lowballed" |
| ~ assess | estimate the value of (property) for taxation.; "Our house hasn't been assessed in years" |
| ~ make | calculate as being.; "I make the height about 100 feet" |
| ~ reckon, count | take account of.; "You have to reckon with our opponents"; "Count on the monsoon" |
| ~ truncate | approximate by ignoring all terms beyond a chosen one.; "truncate a series" |
| ~ guesstimate | estimate based on a calculation. |
| v. (communication) | 6. judge, label, pronounce | pronounce judgment on.; "They labeled him unfit to work here" |
| ~ adjudge, declare, hold | declare to be.; "She was declared incompetent"; "judge held that the defendant was innocent" |
| ~ acquit, assoil, exculpate, exonerate, discharge, clear | pronounce not guilty of criminal charges.; "The suspect was cleared of the murder charges" |
| ~ convict | find or declare guilty.; "The man was convicted of fraud and sentenced" |
| ~ tout | advertize in strongly positive terms.; "This product was touted as a revolutionary invention" |
| ~ rule, find | decide on and make a declaration about.; "find someone guilty" |
| ~ qualify | pronounce fit or able.; "She was qualified to run the marathon"; "They nurses were qualified to administer the injections" |
| ~ disqualify | declare unfit.; "She was disqualified for the Olympics because she was a professional athlete" |
| ~ intonate, intone | speak carefully, as with rising and falling pitch or in a particular tone.; "please intonate with sadness" |
| v. (social) | 7. adjudicate, judge, try | put on trial or hear a case and sit as the judge at the trial of.; "The football star was tried for the murder of his wife"; "The judge tried both father and son in separate trials" |
| ~ decide, make up one's mind, determine | reach, make, or come to a decision about something.; "We finally decided after lengthy deliberations" |
| ~ court-martial | subject to trial by court-martial. |
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