| dirt | | |
| n. (substance) | 1. dirt, soil | the part of the earth's surface consisting of humus and disintegrated rock. |
| ~ marl | a loose and crumbling earthy deposit consisting mainly of calcite or dolomite; used as a fertilizer for soils deficient in lime. |
| ~ regosol | a type of soil consisting of unconsolidated material from freshly deposited alluvium or sand. |
| ~ residual clay, residual soil | the soil that is remaining after the soluble elements have been dissolved. |
| ~ surface soil, topsoil | the layer of soil on the surface. |
| ~ subsoil, undersoil | the layer of soil between the topsoil and bedrock. |
| ~ alluvial soil | a fine-grained fertile soil deposited by water flowing over flood plains or in river beds. |
| ~ bog soil | poorly drained soils on top of peat and under marsh or swamp vegetation. |
| ~ clay | a very fine-grained soil that is plastic when moist but hard when fired. |
| ~ clunch | hardened clay. |
| ~ desert soil, desertic soil | a type of soil that develops in arid climates. |
| ~ earth, ground | the loose soft material that makes up a large part of the land surface.; "they dug into the earth outside the church" |
| ~ caliche, hardpan | crust or layer of hard subsoil encrusted with calcium-carbonate occurring in arid or semiarid regions. |
| ~ fuller's earth | an absorbent soil resembling clay; used in fulling (shrinking and thickening) woolen cloth and as an adsorbent. |
| ~ gilgai soil | soil in the melon holes of Australia. |
| ~ gumbo, gumbo soil | any of various fine-grained silty soils that become waxy and very sticky mud when saturated with water. |
| ~ humus | partially decomposed organic matter; the organic component of soil. |
| ~ indurated clay | hardened clay. |
| ~ indian red | a red soil containing ferric oxide; often used as a pigment. |
| ~ laterite | a red soil produced by rock decay; contains insoluble deposits of ferric and aluminum oxides. |
| ~ loam | a rich soil consisting of a mixture of sand and clay and decaying organic materials. |
| ~ loess | a fine-grained unstratified accumulation of clay and silt deposited by the wind. |
| ~ mould, mold | loose soil rich in organic matter. |
| ~ mud, clay | water soaked soil; soft wet earth. |
| ~ bole | a soft oily clay used as a pigment (especially a reddish brown pigment). |
| ~ podsol, podsol soil, podsolic soil, podzol, podzol soil | a soil that develops in temperate to cold moist climates under coniferous or heath vegetation; an organic mat over a grey leached layer. |
| ~ prairie soil | a type of soil occurring under grasses in temperate climates. |
| ~ sand | a loose material consisting of grains of rock or coral. |
| ~ sedimentary clay | clay soil formed by sedimentary deposits. |
| ~ silt | mud or clay or small rocks deposited by a river or lake. |
| ~ boulder clay, till | unstratified soil deposited by a glacier; consists of sand and clay and gravel and boulders mixed together. |
| ~ tundra soil | a black mucky soil with a frozen subsoil that is characteristic of Arctic and subarctic regions. |
| ~ wiesenboden | a dark meadow soil rich in organic material; developed through poor drainage in humid grassy or sedge regions. |
| n. (state) | 2. dirt, filth, grease, grime, grunge, soil, stain | the state of being covered with unclean things. |
| ~ dirtiness, uncleanness | the state of being unsanitary. |
| n. (substance) | 3. crap, dirt, poop, shit, shite, turd | obscene terms for feces. |
| ~ dirty word, vulgarism, obscenity, filth, smut | an offensive or indecent word or phrase. |
| ~ bm, faecal matter, faeces, fecal matter, feces, ordure, dejection, stool | solid excretory product evacuated from the bowels. |
| n. (communication) | 4. dirt, malicious gossip, scandal | disgraceful gossip about the private lives of other people. |
| ~ scuttlebutt, gossip, comment | a report (often malicious) about the behavior of other people.; "the divorce caused much gossip" |
| adj. | 5. dirt, ungraded | (of roads) not leveled or drained; unsuitable for all year travel. |
| ~ unimproved | not made more desirable or valuable or profitable; especially not made ready for use or marketing.; "taxes on unimproved land are low"; "unimproved dirt roads" |
| earth | | |
| n. (object) | 1. earth, globe, world | the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on.; "the Earth moves around the sun"; "he sailed around the world" |
| ~ atmosphere, air | the mass of air surrounding the Earth.; "there was great heat as the comet entered the atmosphere"; "it was exposed to the air" |
| ~ hemisphere | half of the terrestrial globe. |
| ~ van allen belt | a belt of charged particles (resulting from cosmic rays) above the Earth trapped by the Earth's magnetic field. |
| ~ hydrosphere | the watery layer of the earth's surface; includes water vapor. |
| ~ dry land, ground, solid ground, terra firma, earth, land | the solid part of the earth's surface.; "the plane turned away from the sea and moved back over land"; "the earth shook for several minutes"; "he dropped the logs on the ground" |
| ~ geosphere, lithosphere | the solid part of the earth consisting of the crust and outer mantle. |
| ~ sky | the atmosphere and outer space as viewed from the earth. |
| ~ solar system | the sun with the celestial bodies that revolve around it in its gravitational field. |
| ~ terrestrial planet | a planet having a compact rocky surface like the Earth's; the four innermost planets in the solar system. |
| n. (substance) | 2. earth, ground | the loose soft material that makes up a large part of the land surface.; "they dug into the earth outside the church" |
| ~ moraine | accumulated earth and stones deposited by a glacier. |
| ~ material, stuff | the tangible substance that goes into the makeup of a physical object.; "coal is a hard black material"; "wheat is the stuff they use to make bread" |
| ~ diatomaceous earth, diatomite, kieselguhr | a light soil consisting of siliceous diatom remains and often used as a filtering material. |
| ~ saprolite | a deposit of clay and disintegrating rock that is found in its original place. |
| ~ dirt, soil | the part of the earth's surface consisting of humus and disintegrated rock. |
| n. (object) | 3. dry land, earth, ground, land, solid ground, terra firma | the solid part of the earth's surface.; "the plane turned away from the sea and moved back over land"; "the earth shook for several minutes"; "he dropped the logs on the ground" |
| ~ object, physical object | a tangible and visible entity; an entity that can cast a shadow.; "it was full of rackets, balls and other objects" |
| ~ america | North America and South America and Central America. |
| ~ archipelago | a group of many islands in a large body of water. |
| ~ beachfront | a strip of land running along a beach. |
| ~ cape, ness | a strip of land projecting into a body of water. |
| ~ coastal plain | a plain adjacent to a coast. |
| ~ earth, globe, world | the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on.; "the Earth moves around the sun"; "he sailed around the world" |
| ~ floor | the ground on which people and animals move about.; "the fire spared the forest floor" |
| ~ foreland | land forming the forward margin of something. |
| ~ timberland, woodland, forest, timber | land that is covered with trees and shrubs. |
| ~ island | a land mass (smaller than a continent) that is surrounded by water. |
| ~ isthmus | a relatively narrow strip of land (with water on both sides) connecting two larger land areas. |
| ~ land mass, landmass | a large continuous extent of land. |
| ~ mainland | the main land mass of a country or continent; as distinguished from an island or peninsula. |
| ~ neck | a narrow elongated projecting strip of land. |
| ~ oxbow | the land inside an oxbow bend in a river. |
| ~ peninsula | a large mass of land projecting into a body of water. |
| ~ champaign, plain, field | extensive tract of level open land.; "they emerged from the woods onto a vast open plain"; "he longed for the fields of his youth" |
| ~ slash | an open tract of land in a forest that is strewn with debris from logging (or fire or wind). |
| ~ wonderland | a place or scene of great or strange beauty or wonder. |
| n. (location) | 4. earth | the abode of mortals (as contrasted with Heaven or Hell).; "it was hell on earth" |
| ~ location | a point or extent in space. |
| n. (substance) | 5. earth | once thought to be one of four elements composing the universe (Empedocles). |
| ~ archaicism, archaism | the use of an archaic expression. |
| ~ element | one of four substances thought in ancient and medieval cosmology to constitute the physical universe.; "the alchemists believed that there were four elements" |
| n. (cognition) | 6. earth, earthly concern, world, worldly concern | the concerns of this life as distinguished from heaven and the afterlife.; "they consider the church to be independent of the world" |
| ~ concern | something that interests you because it is important or affects you.; "the safety of the ship is the captain's concern" |
| n. (artifact) | 7. earth, ground | a connection between an electrical device and a large conducting body, such as the earth (which is taken to be at zero voltage). |
| ~ connecter, connector, connective, connection, connexion | an instrumentality that connects.; "he soldered the connection"; "he didn't have the right connector between the amplifier and the speakers" |
| ~ electricity | a physical phenomenon associated with stationary or moving electrons and protons. |
| v. (perception) | 8. earth | hide in the earth like a hunted animal. |
| ~ hide out, hide | be or go into hiding; keep out of sight, as for protection and safety.; "Probably his horse would be close to where he was hiding"; "She is hiding out in a cabin in Montana" |
| v. (contact) | 9. earth | connect to the earth.; "earth the circuit" |
| ~ ground | connect to a ground.; "ground the electrical connections for safety reasons" |
| ground | | |
| n. (motive) | 1. ground, reason | a rational motive for a belief or action.; "the reason that war was declared"; "the grounds for their declaration" |
| ~ rational motive | a motive that can be defended by reasoning or logical argument. |
| ~ occasion | reason.; "there was no occasion for complaint" |
| ~ account, score | grounds.; "don't do it on my account"; "the paper was rejected on account of its length"; "he tried to blame the victim but his success on that score was doubtful" |
| ~ wherefore, why | the cause or intention underlying an action or situation, especially in the phrase `the whys and wherefores'. |
| n. (linkdef) | 2. basis, footing, ground | a relation that provides the foundation for something.; "they were on a friendly footing"; "he worked on an interim basis" |
| ~ foundation | the basis on which something is grounded.; "there is little foundation for his objections" |
| ~ common ground | a basis agreed to by all parties for reaching a mutual understanding. |
| n. (location) | 3. ground | a position to be won or defended in battle (or as if in battle).; "they gained ground step by step"; "they fought to regain the lost ground" |
| ~ military position, position | a point occupied by troops for tactical reasons. |
| n. (cognition) | 4. background, ground | the part of a scene (or picture) that lies behind objects in the foreground.; "he posed her against a background of rolling hills" |
| ~ panorama, vista, view, aspect, scene, prospect | the visual percept of a region.; "the most desirable feature of the park are the beautiful views" |
| n. (object) | 5. ground, land, soil | material in the top layer of the surface of the earth in which plants can grow (especially with reference to its quality or use).; "the land had never been plowed"; "good agricultural soil" |
| ~ object, physical object | a tangible and visible entity; an entity that can cast a shadow.; "it was full of rackets, balls and other objects" |
| ~ badlands | deeply eroded barren land. |
| ~ bottomland, bottom | low-lying alluvial land near a river. |
| ~ coastland | land in a coastal area. |
| ~ cultivated land, ploughland, plowland, tillage, tilled land, farmland, tilth | arable land that is worked by plowing and sowing and raising crops. |
| ~ overburden | the surface soil that must be moved away to get at coal seams and mineral deposits. |
| ~ permafrost | ground that is permanently frozen. |
| ~ polder | low-lying land that has been reclaimed and is protected by dikes (especially in the Netherlands). |
| ~ rangeland | land suitable for grazing livestock. |
| ~ scablands | (geology) flat elevated land with poor soil and little vegetation that is scarred by dry channels of glacial origin (especially in eastern Washington). |
| ~ greensward, sod, sward, turf | surface layer of ground containing a mat of grass and grass roots. |
| ~ wetland | a low area where the land is saturated with water. |
| n. (cognition) | 6. ground | a relatively homogeneous percept extending back of the figure on which attention is focused. |
| ~ percept, perception, perceptual experience | the representation of what is perceived; basic component in the formation of a concept. |
| n. (artifact) | 7. ground | (art) the surface (as a wall or canvas) prepared to take the paint for a painting. |
| ~ artistic creation, artistic production, art | the creation of beautiful or significant things.; "art does not need to be innovative to be good"; "I was never any good at art"; "he said that architecture is the art of wasting space beautifully" |
| ~ surface | the outer boundary of an artifact or a material layer constituting or resembling such a boundary.; "there is a special cleaner for these surfaces"; "the cloth had a pattern of red dots on a white surface" |
| n. (artifact) | 8. flat coat, ground, primer, primer coat, priming, priming coat, undercoat | the first or preliminary coat of paint or size applied to a surface. |
| ~ coat of paint | a layer of paint covering something else. |
| ~ couch | a flat coat of paint or varnish used by artists as a primer. |
| v. (contact) | 9. anchor, ground | fix firmly and stably.; "anchor the lamppost in concrete" |
| ~ fasten, fix, secure | cause to be firmly attached.; "fasten the lock onto the door"; "she fixed her gaze on the man" |
| v. (contact) | 10. ground | confine or restrict to the ground.; "After the accident, they grounded the plane and the pilot" |
| ~ restrain, confine, hold | to close within bounds, limit or hold back from movement.; "This holds the local until the express passengers change trains"; "About a dozen animals were held inside the stockade"; "The illegal immigrants were held at a detention center"; "The terrorists held the journalists for ransom" |
| v. (contact) | 11. ground | place or put on the ground. |
| ~ lay, place, put, set, position, pose | put into a certain place or abstract location.; "Put your things here"; "Set the tray down"; "Set the dogs on the scent of the missing children"; "Place emphasis on a certain point" |
| v. (communication) | 12. ground | instruct someone in the fundamentals of a subject. |
| ~ instruct, teach, learn | impart skills or knowledge to.; "I taught them French"; "He instructed me in building a boat" |
| v. (motion) | 13. ground, run aground, strand | bring to the ground.; "the storm grounded the ship" |
| ~ run aground, ground | hit or reach the ground. |
| ~ land | bring ashore.; "The drug smugglers landed the heroin on the beach of the island" |
| v. (motion) | 14. ground, run aground | hit or reach the ground. |
| ~ arrive at, reach, attain, gain, hit, make | reach a destination, either real or abstract.; "We hit Detroit by noon"; "The water reached the doorstep"; "We barely made it to the finish line"; "I have to hit the MAC machine before the weekend starts" |
| v. (contact) | 15. ground | throw to the ground in order to stop play and avoid being tackled behind the line of scrimmage. |
| ~ football, football game | any of various games played with a ball (round or oval) in which two teams try to kick or carry or propel the ball into each other's goal. |
| ~ ground | hit onto the ground. |
| ~ throw | propel through the air.; "throw a frisbee" |
| v. (contact) | 16. ground | hit a groundball.; "he grounded to the second baseman" |
| ~ baseball, baseball game | a ball game played with a bat and ball between two teams of nine players; teams take turns at bat trying to score runs.; "he played baseball in high school"; "there was a baseball game on every empty lot"; "there was a desire for National League ball in the area"; "play ball!" |
| ~ hit | cause to move by striking.; "hit a ball" |
| ~ ground | hit onto the ground. |
| v. (contact) | 17. ground | hit onto the ground. |
| ~ baseball, baseball game | a ball game played with a bat and ball between two teams of nine players; teams take turns at bat trying to score runs.; "he played baseball in high school"; "there was a baseball game on every empty lot"; "there was a desire for National League ball in the area"; "play ball!" |
| ~ hit | cause to move by striking.; "hit a ball" |
| ~ ground | hit a groundball.; "he grounded to the second baseman" |
| ~ ground | throw to the ground in order to stop play and avoid being tackled behind the line of scrimmage. |
| v. (contact) | 18. ground, prime, undercoat | cover with a primer; apply a primer to. |
| ~ paint | apply paint to; coat with paint.; "We painted the rooms yellow" |
| v. (contact) | 19. ground | connect to a ground.; "ground the electrical connections for safety reasons" |
| ~ earth | connect to the earth.; "earth the circuit" |
| ~ connect, link, link up, tie | connect, fasten, or put together two or more pieces.; "Can you connect the two loudspeakers?"; "Tie the ropes together"; "Link arms" |
| v. (cognition) | 20. base, establish, found, ground | use as a basis for; found on.; "base a claim on some observation" |
| ~ build | found or ground.; "build a defense on nothing but the accused person's reputation" |
| land | | |
| n. (possession) | 1. land | the land on which real estate is located.; "he built the house on land leased from the city" |
| ~ immovable, real estate, real property, realty | property consisting of houses and land. |
| ~ farmstead | the buildings and adjacent grounds of a farm. |
| ~ homestead | the home and adjacent grounds occupied by a family. |
| ~ no man's land | land that is unowned and uninhabited (and usually undesirable). |
| n. (location) | 2. demesne, domain, land | territory over which rule or control is exercised.; "his domain extended into Europe"; "he made it the law of the land" |
| ~ country, land, state | the territory occupied by a nation.; "he returned to the land of his birth"; "he visited several European countries" |
| ~ archduchy | the domain controlled by an archduke or archduchess. |
| ~ barony | the domain of a baron. |
| ~ duchy, dukedom | the domain controlled by a duke or duchess. |
| ~ earldom | the domain controlled by an earl or count or countess. |
| ~ emirate | the domain controlled by an emir. |
| ~ empire, imperium | the domain ruled by an emperor or empress; the region over which imperial dominion is exercised. |
| ~ fiefdom | the domain controlled by a feudal lord. |
| ~ grand duchy | the domain controlled by a grand duke or grand duchess. |
| ~ viscounty | the domain controlled by a viscount or viscountess. |
| ~ khanate | the realm of a khan. |
| ~ realm, kingdom | the domain ruled by a king or queen. |
| ~ principality, princedom | territory ruled by a prince. |
| ~ sheikdom, sheikhdom | the domain ruled by a sheik. |
| ~ suzerainty | the domain of a suzerain. |
| ~ region | a large indefinite location on the surface of the Earth.; "penguins inhabit the polar regions" |
| n. (location) | 3. country, land, state | the territory occupied by a nation.; "he returned to the land of his birth"; "he visited several European countries" |
| ~ administrative district, administrative division, territorial division | a district defined for administrative purposes. |
| ~ banana republic | a small country (especially in Central America) that is politically unstable and whose economy is dominated by foreign companies and depends on one export (such as bananas). |
| ~ country of origin, fatherland, homeland, mother country, motherland, native land | the country where you were born. |
| ~ buffer country, buffer state | a small neutral state between two rival powers. |
| ~ department | the territorial and administrative division of some countries (such as France). |
| ~ demesne, domain, land | territory over which rule or control is exercised.; "his domain extended into Europe"; "he made it the law of the land" |
| ~ midland | the interior part of a country. |
| ~ kingdom | a country with a king as head of state. |
| ~ province, state | the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation.; "his state is in the deep south" |
| ~ tax haven | a country or independent region where taxes are low. |
| ~ european country, european nation | any one of the countries occupying the European continent. |
| ~ african country, african nation | any one of the countries occupying the African continent. |
| ~ asian country, asian nation | any one of the nations occupying the Asian continent. |
| ~ south american country, south american nation | any one of the countries occupying the South American continent. |
| ~ north american country, north american nation | any country on the North American continent. |
| ~ antigua and barbuda | a country in the northern Leeward Islands. |
| ~ cape verde, republic of cape verde | an island country in the Atlantic off the coast of Senegal. |
| ~ democratic socialist republic of sri lanka, sri lanka, ceylon | a republic on the island of Ceylon; became independent of the United Kingdom in 1948. |
| ~ comoros, federal islamic republic of the comoros | a country on the Comoro Islands. |
| ~ cuba, republic of cuba | a communist state in the Caribbean on the island of Cuba. |
| ~ haiti, republic of haiti | a republic in the West Indies on the western part of the island of Hispaniola; achieved independence from France in 1804; the poorest and most illiterate nation in the western hemisphere. |
| ~ dominican republic | a republic in the West Indies; located on the eastern two-thirds of the island of Hispaniola. |
| ~ jamaica | a country on the island of Jamaica; became independent of England in 1962; much poverty; the major industry is tourism. |
| ~ barbados | a parliamentary democracy on the island of Barbados; former British colony; a popular resort area. |
| ~ republic of trinidad and tobago, trinidad and tobago | an island republic in the West Indies off the northeastern coast of Venezuela; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1962. |
| ~ cyprus, republic of cyprus | a country on the island of Cyprus; 80% of the people are of Greek origin and 20% or Turkish origin. |
| ~ commonwealth of dominica, dominica | a country on the island of Dominica. |
| ~ east timor | a former Portuguese colony that was annexed by Indonesia in 1976; voted for independence from Indonesia in 1999 and in May 2002 became an independent nation. |
| ~ fiji, republic of fiji | an independent state within the British Commonwealth located on the Fiji Islands. |
| ~ israel, state of israel, yisrael, sion, zion | Jewish republic in southwestern Asia at eastern end of Mediterranean; formerly part of Palestine. |
| ~ etruria | an ancient country in central Italy; assimilated by the Romans by about 200 BC. |
| ~ australia, commonwealth of australia | a nation occupying the whole of the Australian continent; Aboriginal tribes are thought to have migrated from southeastern Asia 20,000 years ago; first Europeans were British convicts sent there as a penal colony. |
| ~ federated states of micronesia, micronesia, tt | a country scattered over Micronesia with a constitutional government in free association with the United States; achieved independence in 1986. |
| ~ marshall islands, republic of the marshall islands | a republic (under United States protection) on the Marshall Islands. |
| ~ tuvalu | a small island republic on the Tuvalu islands; formerly part of the British colony of Gilbert and Ellice Islands until it withdrew in 1975 and became independent of the United Kingdom in 1978. |
| ~ kiribati, republic of kiribati | an island republic in the west central Pacific just to the south of the equator. |
| ~ nauru, republic of nauru | an island republic on Nauru Island; phosphate exports support the economy. |
| ~ independent state of papua new guinea, papua new guinea | a parliamentary democracy on the eastern half of the island of New Guinea; in 1975 it became an independent state within the Commonwealth of Nations. |
| ~ bahama islands, bahamas, commonwealth of the bahamas | island country in the Atlantic to the east of Florida and Cuba; a popular winter resort. |
| ~ sultanate | country or territory ruled by a sultan. |
| ~ burkina faso, upper volta | a desperately poor landlocked country in western Africa; was formerly Upper Volta under French rule but gained independence in 1960. |
| ~ dutch east indies, indonesia, republic of indonesia | a republic in southeastern Asia on an archipelago including more than 13,000 islands; achieved independence from the Netherlands in 1945; the principal oil producer in the Far East and Pacific regions. |
| ~ grenada | an island state in the West Indies in the southeastern Caribbean Sea; an independent state within the British Commonwealth. |
| ~ maldives, republic of maldives | a republic on the Maldive Islands; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1965. |
| ~ malta, republic of malta | a republic on the island of Malta in the Mediterranean; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1964. |
| ~ mauritius, republic of mauritius | a parliamentary state on the island of Mauritius. |
| ~ new zealand | an independent country within the British Commonwealth; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1907; known for sheep and spectacular scenery. |
| ~ palau, republic of palau, tt | a republic in the western central Pacific Ocean in association with the United States. |
| ~ philippines, republic of the philippines | a republic on the Philippine Islands; achieved independence from the United States in 1946. |
| ~ federation of saint kitts and nevis, saint christopher-nevis, saint kitts and nevis, st. christopher-nevis, st. kitts and nevis | a country on several of the Leeward Islands; located to the east southeast of Puerto Rico; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1983. |
| ~ saint lucia, st. lucia | a country on the island of Saint Lucia; gained independence from Great Britain in 1979. |
| ~ saint vincent and the grenadines, st. vincent and the grenadines | an island country in the central Windward Islands; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1979. |
| ~ independent state of samoa, samoa, samoa i sisifo, western samoa | a constitutional monarchy on the western part of the islands of Samoa in the South Pacific. |
| ~ democratic republic of sao tome and principe, sao thome e principe, sao tome and principe, sao tome e principe, st. thomas and principe | island nation in the South Atlantic off the west coast of Africa; achieved independence from Portugal in 1975; has enormous offshore oil reserves. |
| ~ republic of seychelles, seychelles | a republic on the Seychelles islands; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1976. |
| ~ solomon islands | the southern Solomon Islands that since 1978 form an independent state in the British Commonwealth. |
| ~ rus | the medieval Russian state established by Scandinavian traders in the 9th century; the capital was first in Novgorod and then in Kiev. |
| ~ russia, soviet union, union of soviet socialist republics, ussr | a former communist country in eastern Europe and northern Asia; established in 1922; included Russia and 14 other soviet socialist republics (Ukraine and Byelorussia and others); officially dissolved 31 December 1991. |
| ~ russian federation, russia | a federation in northeastern Europe and northern Asia; formerly Soviet Russia; since 1991 an independent state. |
| ~ ukraine, ukrayina | a republic in southeastern Europe; formerly a European soviet; the center of the original Russian state which came into existence in the ninth century. |
| ~ turkmenia, turkmenistan, turkomen, turkmen | a republic in Asia to the east of the Caspian Sea and to the south of Kazakhstan and to the north of Iran; an Asian soviet from 1925 to 1991. |
| ~ friendly islands, kingdom of tonga, tonga | a monarchy on a Polynesian archipelago in the South Pacific; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1970. |
| ~ republic of turkey, turkey | a Eurasian republic in Asia Minor and the Balkans; on the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in 1918, the Young Turks, led by Kemal Ataturk, established a republic in 1923. |
| ~ new hebrides, republic of vanuatu, vanuatu | a volcanic island republic in Melanesia; independent since 1980. |
| n. (state) | 4. kingdom, land, realm | a domain in which something is dominant.; "the untroubled kingdom of reason"; "a land of make-believe"; "the rise of the realm of cotton in the south" |
| ~ arena, domain, sphere, orbit, area, field | a particular environment or walk of life.; "his social sphere is limited"; "it was a closed area of employment"; "he's out of my orbit" |
| ~ lotus land, lotusland | an idyllic realm of contentment and self-indulgence. |
| n. (possession) | 5. acres, demesne, estate, land, landed estate | extensive landed property (especially in the country) retained by the owner for his own use.; "the family owned a large estate on Long Island" |
| ~ freehold | an estate held in fee simple or for life. |
| ~ immovable, real estate, real property, realty | property consisting of houses and land. |
| ~ glebe | plot of land belonging to an English parish church or an ecclesiastical office. |
| ~ leasehold | land or property held under a lease. |
| ~ smallholding | a piece of land under 50 acres that is sold or let to someone for cultivation. |
| ~ homestead | land acquired from the United States public lands by filing a record and living on and cultivating it under the homestead law. |
| ~ feoff, fief | a piece of land held under the feudal system. |
| ~ barony | the estate of a baron. |
| ~ countryseat | an estate in the country. |
| ~ crown land | land that belongs to the Crown. |
| ~ manor | the landed estate of a lord (including the house on it). |
| ~ seigneury, seigniory, signory | the estate of a seigneur. |
| ~ hacienda | a large estate in Spanish-speaking countries. |
| ~ plantation | an estate where cash crops are grown on a large scale (especially in tropical areas). |
| ~ entail | land received by fee tail. |
| n. (group) | 6. country, land, nation | the people who live in a nation or country.; "a statement that sums up the nation's mood"; "the news was announced to the nation"; "the whole country worshipped him" |
| ~ people | (plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively.; "old people"; "there were at least 200 people in the audience" |
| ~ national, subject | a person who owes allegiance to that nation.; "a monarch has a duty to his subjects" |
| ~ dutch, dutch people | the people of the Netherlands.; "the Dutch are famous for their tulips" |
| ~ british, british people, brits | the people of Great Britain. |
| ~ english people, english | the people of England. |
| ~ irish, irish people | people of Ireland or of Irish extraction. |
| ~ french people, french | the people of France. |
| ~ spanish people, spanish | the people of Spain. |
| ~ swiss, swiss people | the natives or inhabitants of Switzerland. |
| n. (group) | 7. body politic, commonwealth, country, land, nation, res publica, state | a politically organized body of people under a single government.; "the state has elected a new president"; "African nations"; "students who had come to the nation's capitol"; "the country's largest manufacturer"; "an industrialized land" |
| ~ commonwealth country | any of the countries in the British Commonwealth. |
| ~ developing country | a country that is poor and whose citizens are mostly agricultural workers but that wants to become more advanced socially and economically. |
| ~ dominion | one of the self-governing nations in the British Commonwealth. |
| ~ estate of the realm, the three estates, estate | a major social class or order of persons regarded collectively as part of the body politic of the country (especially in the United Kingdom) and formerly possessing distinct political rights. |
| ~ foreign country | any state of which one is not a citizen.; "working in a foreign country takes a bit of getting used to" |
| ~ reich | the German state. |
| ~ renegade state, rogue nation, rogue state | a state that does not respect other states in its international actions. |
| ~ suzerain | a state exercising a degree of dominion over a dependent state especially in its foreign affairs. |
| ~ sea power | a nation that possesses formidable naval strength. |
| ~ great power, major power, superpower, world power, power | a state powerful enough to influence events throughout the world. |
| ~ city-state, city state | a state consisting of a sovereign city. |
| ~ ally | a friendly nation. |
| ~ political entity, political unit | a unit with political responsibilities. |
| ~ eelam, tamil eelam | the independent state that the Tamil Tigers have fought for. |
| n. (person) | 8. din land, edwin herbert land, land | United States inventor who incorporated Polaroid film into lenses and invented the one step photographic process (1909-1991). |
| ~ industrialist | someone who manages or has significant financial interest in an industrial enterprise. |
| ~ artificer, discoverer, inventor | someone who is the first to think of or make something. |
| n. (act) | 9. farming, land | agriculture considered as an occupation or way of life.; "farming is a strenuous life"; "there's no work on the land any more" |
| ~ job, line of work, occupation, business, line | the principal activity in your life that you do to earn money.; "he's not in my line of business" |
| v. (motion) | 10. land, set down | reach or come to rest.; "The bird landed on the highest branch"; "The plane landed in Istanbul" |
| ~ alight, perch, light | to come to rest, settle.; "Misfortune lighted upon him" |
| ~ force-land | make a forced landing. |
| ~ beach | land on a beach.; "the ship beached near the port" |
| ~ port | land at or reach a port.; "The ship finally ported" |
| ~ debark, disembark, set down | go ashore.; "The passengers disembarked at Southampton" |
| ~ touch down | come or bring (a plane) to a landing.; "the plane touched down at noon" |
| ~ undershoot | fall short of (the runway) in a landing.; "The plane undershot the runway" |
| ~ belly-land | land on the underside without the landing gear. |
| ~ crash land | make an emergency landing. |
| ~ arrive, come, get | reach a destination; arrive by movement or progress.; "She arrived home at 7 o'clock"; "She didn't get to Chicago until after midnight" |
| v. (motion) | 11. bring down, land, put down | cause to come to the ground.; "the pilot managed to land the airplane safely" |
| ~ air travel, aviation, air | travel via aircraft.; "air travel involves too much waiting in airports"; "if you've time to spare go by air" |
| ~ land, set down | reach or come to rest.; "The bird landed on the highest branch"; "The plane landed in Istanbul" |
| ~ arrive, come, get | reach a destination; arrive by movement or progress.; "She arrived home at 7 o'clock"; "She didn't get to Chicago until after midnight" |
| v. (change) | 12. bring, land | bring into a different state.; "this may land you in jail" |
| ~ alter, change, modify | cause to change; make different; cause a transformation.; "The advent of the automobile may have altered the growth pattern of the city"; "The discussion has changed my thinking about the issue" |
| v. (motion) | 13. land | bring ashore.; "The drug smugglers landed the heroin on the beach of the island" |
| ~ run aground, strand, ground | bring to the ground.; "the storm grounded the ship" |
| ~ bring, convey, take | take something or somebody with oneself somewhere.; "Bring me the box from the other room"; "Take these letters to the boss"; "This brings me to the main point" |
| ~ strand | drive (a vessel) ashore. |
| v. (possession) | 14. land | deliver (a blow).; "He landed several blows on his opponent's head" |
| ~ drive home, deliver | carry out or perform.; "deliver an attack"; "deliver a blow"; "The boxer drove home a solid left" |
| v. (motion) | 15. land, set ashore, shore | arrive on shore.; "The ship landed in Pearl Harbor" |
| ~ arrive, come, get | reach a destination; arrive by movement or progress.; "She arrived home at 7 o'clock"; "She didn't get to Chicago until after midnight" |
| v. (motion) | 16. down, land, shoot down | shoot at and force to come down.; "the enemy landed several of our aircraft" |
| soil | | |
| n. (location) | 1. soil, territory | the geographical area under the jurisdiction of a sovereign state.; "American troops were stationed on Japanese soil" |
| ~ geographic area, geographic region, geographical area, geographical region | a demarcated area of the Earth. |
| v. (contact) | 2. begrime, bemire, colly, dirty, grime, soil | make soiled, filthy, or dirty.; "don't soil your clothes when you play outside!" |
| ~ alter, change, modify | cause to change; make different; cause a transformation.; "The advent of the automobile may have altered the growth pattern of the city"; "The discussion has changed my thinking about the issue" |
| ~ foul | make unclean.; "foul the water" |
| ~ contaminate, pollute, foul | make impure.; "The industrial wastes polluted the lake" |
| ~ smear | stain by smearing or daubing with a dirty substance. |
| ~ slime | cover or stain with slime.; "The snake slimed his victim" |
| ~ muddy, muddy up | dirty with mud. |
| ~ splash | soil or stain with a splashed liquid. |
| ~ mud, muck up, muck, mire | soil with mud, muck, or mire.; "The child mucked up his shirt while playing ball in the garden" |
| ~ crock | soil with or as with crock. |
| ~ blemish, spot | mar or impair with a flaw.; "her face was blemished" |
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